{"id":15550,"date":"2023-01-31T15:09:08","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T20:09:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/last-drum.flywheelsites.com\/?p=15550"},"modified":"2024-01-22T14:41:37","modified_gmt":"2024-01-22T19:41:37","slug":"the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/","title":{"rendered":"The Ancient Roots of Autism Susceptibility Genes"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-bg-size:cover;width:13.3333%; margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-bg-size:cover;width:65.3333%; margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"#jump\">Casanova<\/a> dives into the ancient origins of autism susceptibility genes. She outlines periods of rapid gene evolution in early vertebrates and provides an introduction to basic genetics. The presenter characterizes autism genes by length, age, conservation, and protein interaction. Casanova considers variation\/mutation tolerance of autism genes compared to nervous and developmental gene groups. She ultimately demonstrates that most autism-related genes are integral to protein complexes and radiated more than half a billion years ago during a phase of rapid brain evolution in vertebrates. Casanova provides a presentation summary before the Q&amp;A.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Take the knowledge quiz for this presentation <a href=\"#jump\">HERE.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube fusion-aligncenter\" style=\"--awb-max-width:1500px;--awb-max-height:844px;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:56.27%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5PqX4zBap4s?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"1500\" height=\"844\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"--awb-text-transform:none;\"><h2><strong>In this webinar:\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><b>1:54 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introduction<br \/>\n<\/span><b>2:58 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Background: Gene radiations over time<br \/>\n<\/span><b>4:30 &#8211; <\/b>Histogram of autism gene age<br \/>\n<b>5:45 &#8211; <\/b>Evolutionary period of early vertebrates<br \/>\n<b>9:02 &#8211; <\/b>Gene conservation<br \/>\n<b>11:35 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Basics aspects of autism genes<br \/>\n<\/span><b>14:23 &#8211; <\/b>Genetics 101<br \/>\n<b>17:11 &#8211; <\/b><i>Study: Autism gene characteristics<br \/>\n<\/i><b>19:25 &#8211; <\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Results: Gene length<br \/>\n<\/span><\/i><b>21:24 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gene length vs protein length<br \/>\n<\/span><b>23:16 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transposable elements, conserved noncoding sequences, and autism gene complexity<br \/>\n<\/span><b>29:25 &#8211; <\/b><i>Results: Gene conservation<br \/>\n<\/i><b>36:00 &#8211; <\/b>Evolutionary rate and inheritance patterns<br \/>\n<b>40:45 &#8211; <\/b>Dosage sensitivity &#8211; Gene balance hypothesis<br \/>\n<b>43:50 &#8211; <\/b><i>Analogy: Complex ratios and cars<br \/>\n<\/i><b>45:50 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Characteristics of dosage sensitive genes<br \/>\n<\/span><b>47:00 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Metabolic genes<br \/>\n<\/span><b>50:10 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protein to protein interactions<br \/>\n<\/span><b>53:10 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Study and data limitations<br \/>\n<\/span><b>55:00 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gene age and ohnolog genes<br \/>\n<\/span><b>58:30 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">True brain evolution<br \/>\n<\/span><b>1:02:00 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nervous system evolution<br \/>\n<\/span><b>1:03:00 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functional enrichment in autism genes<br \/>\n<\/span><b>1:05:00 &#8211; <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Summary<br \/>\n<\/span><b>1:07:15 &#8211; <\/b>Q&amp;A<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Introduction to gene evolution and genetics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Casanova provides a brief history of human genome evolution, highlighting periods of intense gene radiation (gene evolution). She explains that around the time of early fish (~530 mya), there was a significant increase in the number of radiating genes which coincides with two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) <\/span><b>(5:45)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova asserts that such an increase in total gene number across this period is suggestive because WGDs are linked to other major gene radiation periods <\/span><b>(7:40)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Gene radiation dramatically slowed after the tetrapods (four-limbed vertebrates) appeared <\/span><b>(4:30)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and tetrapod (including human) genes are relatively conserved compared to other animals <\/span><b>(9:02)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. She defines the basic components of genes as <\/span><b>(14:23)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Promoter region, which regulates gene expression<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exons that code for proteins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Introns sit between exons and are spliced out before the protein is produced &#8211; they can affect gene expression<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proteins are the basic building blocks of cells in the body, and transcripts produced from each gene determine which proteins are made <\/span><b>(16:24)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova introduces a 2019 study that examined characteristics of autism genes, including length, conservation, protein interaction, and age. She explains that understanding what genes do and when and why they evolved can help us understand a protein\u2019s most basic function. She asserts that this may help us understand autism susceptibility genes more than studying people will <\/span><b>(17:11)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Autism susceptibility gene characteristics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The study found that autism genes are <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">generally longer<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than control genes in the nervous, developmental, regulatory, and innate immune systems. Autism genes also tend to produce unusually large proteins, which suggests functional complexity <\/span><b>(19:25)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova explains that autism genes are gigantic compared to the relative size of the proteins they are creating, which is not the case in any other gene group <\/span><b>(21:24)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. She defines<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transposable elements (TE): small segments of DNA that can cut\/copy themselves around the genome.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conserved noncoding sequences (CNE): conserved sequences that do not code for proteins but can be gene regulators. They are tucked inside the introns of genes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The total number of TE and CNE in autism genes is significantly greater compared to other groups <\/span><b>(23:16)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Many CNE, she continues, are frequently borrowed from TE, suggesting that TE are turned into regulatory sequences (CNE) at a much higher rate than is usual in the genome <\/span><b>(28:17)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova states that this abundance of potential regulatory sequences within autism genes means that \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the complexity of expression and capacity is significantly different from what we see in the genome as a whole<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d <\/span><b>(25:08)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The speaker outlines different measurements of <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">gene conservation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or how conserved a given gene sequence is across groups. Measures included ExAC pLI scores, RVIS scores, and frequency of number-specific sections of DNA (copy number variant) <\/span><b>(29:25)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Both ExAC pLI <\/span><b>(31:55)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and RVIS scores <\/span><b>(33:05)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> revealed that autism genes are very intolerant to gene variation and mutation. They also found that copy number variants (CNV) target fewer autism susceptibility genes than others in the genome <\/span><b>(33:40)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova highlights that CNVs are more deleterious (deadly) within autism genes and asserts that these findings suggest another level of mutation intolerance in autism-related genes <\/span><b>(34:55)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autism gene <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evolutionary rate<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was significantly lower than controls, suggesting that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">autism genes have been more tightly conserved than the genome background across the animal kingdom<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova underscores that these genes have been tightly conserved for more than half a billion years <\/span><b>(36:00)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The speaker presents another study that investigated the inheritance patterns of intellectual disability (ID) and ID associated with autism (ID+autism) <\/span><b>(37:31)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They found that about 60% of the mutations associated with ID+autism are inherited dominantly, meaning only one version of the gene needs to be inherited for expression <\/span><b>(39:04)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Dosage sensitivity and the age of autism genes<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Dosage sensitivity measures <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">how sensitive a given gene is to subtle changes in expression<\/span><\/i> <b>(40:45)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova explains that proteins are often involved in complexes or critical signal pathways. The proper functionality of these complexes\/pathways depends on the ratio of protein components produced by the genes. If a single protein dosage is altered, the entire complex\/pathway is also modified <\/span><b>(41:45)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These variations are, therefore, strongly selected against, and mutations tend to be expressed dominantly. Dosage-sensitive genes do not like to be duplicated or deleted in single-gene scenarios due to ratio disruption. They are, therefore, underrepresented in CNVs and overrepresented in genes derived and retained from WGD <\/span><b>(45:50)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Contrastingly, less sensitive genes are not likely to form complexes\/pathways and so are less vulnerable to small\/single dosage changes and are overrepresented in CNV <\/span><b>(47:00)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova reiterates that autism susceptibility genes are<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> highly dosage sensitive, highly conserved, and essential in complex\/pathway creation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Therefore, they exhibit significantly more protein-protein interactions (PPI) than control groups <\/span><b>(50:10)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The speaker underscores that at least 50% of autism genes arose more than half a billion years ago, likely due to WGD. <\/span><b>(58:30)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova discusses the functional enrichment of autism genes compared to controls across time. She notes that a large percent of autism-related genes are associated with synaptic components and radiated between early animals and bony fishes <\/span><b>(1:03:00)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. She highlights that the true brain (which humans have) developed around this time, which explains the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">concentration of synaptic and neural genes in the autism group<\/span><\/i> <b>(1:00:32)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Casanova provides the following summary points before the Q&amp;A session.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Autism genes\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are usually long<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Produce larger, potentially more complex proteins<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contain greater total TE and CNE in their introns<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contain high density of CNE in introns<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are highly intolerant to variation<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are older, on average, than the rest of the genome<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Have more PPI, are highly dosage-sensitive, are tightly conserved across animals, and are often inherited in a dominant fashion<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radiated during early animal evolution, many as the result of WGD, and may have played essential roles in critical steps in the evolution of the early nervous system<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are enriched for functions at the synapse, neural projections, and processes surrounding neurogenesis, all of which were rapidly evolving in early animals up through the evolution of bony fishes.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_6 1_6 fusion-one-sixth fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:40px;--awb-bg-size:cover;width:13.3333%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"jump\" class=\"fusion-container-anchor\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-one-third fusion-column-first\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:33.333333333333%;width:calc(33.333333333333% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.33333333333333 ) );margin-right: 4%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h3>The speaker:<\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"lazyload alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-15551\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/ecasanova-150x150.png\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/ecasanova-150x150.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27150%27%20height%3D%27150%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20150%20150%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27150%27%20height%3D%27150%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/ecasanova-66x66.png 66w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/ecasanova-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/ecasanova-204x202.png 204w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" data-orig-sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Emily Casanova, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Neuroscience program and the Department of Psychological Sciences at Loyola University, New Orleans, in the fall of 2022. Throughout her training and early career, Dr. Casanova\u2019s research has been focused on the study of autism from various perspectives, including investigation of its overlap with hereditary connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndromes and fragile X premutation, as well as the investigation of major effect autism susceptibility genes and their evolution. Related to the study of autism gene evolution, Dr. Casanova has also been investigating a large group of developmental regulatory genes, their roles in metazoan evolution, and how they relate to evolutionary theories such as Punctuated Equilibria. Dr. Casanova enjoys collecting antiques, traveling to other countries, knitting, collecting fossils, spending time with her family (both the two-legged and furry varieties), and a good strong cuppa tea! She also blogs on <em>Science Over a Cuppa<\/em>: <a href=\"https:\/\/scienceoveracuppa.com\">https:\/\/scienceoveracuppa.com<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-two-third fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;width:66.666666666667%;width:calc(66.666666666667% - ( ( 4% ) * 0.66666666666667 ) );\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h4>Take the knowledge quiz<\/h4>\n<p>Can&#8217;t see the quiz below? 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href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/autism-research-institute\/\"><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:30px;width:100%;\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-one-full fusion-column-first fusion-column-last\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-column-wrapper-legacy\"><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-top:30px;width:100%;\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-sep-clear\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-recent-posts fusion-recent-posts-1 avada-container layout-default layout-columns-3\"><section class=\"fusion-columns columns fusion-columns-3 columns-3\"><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/examining-transition\/\" aria-label=\"Examining the Transition to Adulthood in Autism: Challenges and Opportunities in the Aim of Thriving\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/adults-with-asd-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"cheerful adult men with disability sitting at the desk in rehabilitation center\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201707%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/adults-with-asd-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/adults-with-asd-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/adults-with-asd-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-09-23T15:31:54-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/examining-transition\/\">Examining the Transition to Adulthood in Autism: Challenges and Opportunities in the Aim of Thriving<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-09-23T15:31:54-05:00<\/span><span>September 5th, 2023<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/webinar\/adults-on-the-spectrum\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Adults on the Spectrum<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/webinars\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Webinar<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>      David B. Nicholas, Ph.D., examines the transition to adulthood and its implications for autistic individuals. He presents the ecosystem mentality and discusses recent findings supporting a holistic and future-oriented<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transition-medical-care-adulthood\/\" aria-label=\"Transitions from Pediatric to Adult Medical Care\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Doctor consulting with a male patient during a medical check-up\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%27600%27%20height%3D%27399%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%20600%20399%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%27600%27%20height%3D%27399%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390-200x133.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390-400x266.jpeg 400w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/AdobeStock_49399390.jpeg 600w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-08-21T17:01:30-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transition-medical-care-adulthood\/\">Transitions from Pediatric to Adult Medical Care<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-08-21T17:01:30-05:00<\/span><span>October 4th, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/webinar\/adults-on-the-spectrum\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Adults on the Spectrum<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/autism-spectrum-disorders\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Autism Spectrum Disorders<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/health\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Health<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/medical-care\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Medical Care<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/autism-spectrum-disorders\/ways-to-help\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Ways to Help<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/webinars\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Webinar<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Julie Corder, CNP, and Carrie Cuomo, DNP, CPNP, with the Cleveland Clinic Learning Hospital, discuss the critical stages of transition from pediatric to adult healthcare for individuals with complex medical needs. They<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/back-to-school-resources\/\" aria-label=\"Back-to-School Resources\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AdobeStock_161131394-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Pupils with books and backpacks walking in the park\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%27687%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%20687%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%27687%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AdobeStock_161131394-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AdobeStock_161131394-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/AdobeStock_161131394-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/nicoleautism-com\/\" title=\"Posts by Nicole\" rel=\"author\">Nicole<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-08-07T11:39:05-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/back-to-school-resources\/\">Back-to-School Resources<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/nicoleautism-com\/\" title=\"Posts by Nicole\" rel=\"author\">Nicole<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-08-07T11:39:05-05:00<\/span><span>August 22nd, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Whether you\u2019re a parent preparing a child for grade school or an adult transitioning into or out of college, the back-to-school season can present unique challenges. Not only do schedules and priorities<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/lgbtq-and-autism\/\" aria-label=\"LGBTQIA+ and Autism\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lgbtq-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Happy diverse young friends celebrating gay pride festival\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201707%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lgbtq-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lgbtq-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/lgbtq-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-05-30T18:35:02-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/lgbtq-and-autism\/\">LGBTQIA+ and Autism<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2025-05-30T18:35:02-05:00<\/span><span>June 13th, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/parenting\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Parenting<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Contemporary research on the intersection of autism, sexuality, and gender identity asserts that autistic individuals are more likely to identify as LGBTQIA+ than the neurotypical population. Similarly, the prevalence of autism is<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transportation-issues-rarely-addressed-by-providers\/\" aria-label=\"Transportation issues rarely addressed by providers\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Portrait of Young Man in his Car Showing Thumbs Up\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201707%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271707%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/teen-driver-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:36:29-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/transportation-issues-rarely-addressed-by-providers\/\">Transportation issues rarely addressed by providers<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/melanie\/\" title=\"Posts by Melanie Glock\" rel=\"author\">Melanie Glock<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-04-28T17:36:29-05:00<\/span><span>May 4th, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/news\/\" rel=\"category tag\">News<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>   Very few medical or behavioral specialists discuss driving or other transportation-related issues with patients who have ASD (autism spectrum disorders), according to a new study. Emma Sartin and colleagues surveyed 78 providers,<\/p><\/div><\/article><article class=\"post fusion-column column col col-lg-4 col-md-4 col-sm-4\"><div class=\"fusion-flexslider fusion-flexslider-loading flexslider flexslider-hover-type-none\"><ul class=\"slides\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/medical-care-for-seniors-autism\/\" aria-label=\"Challenges of Medical Care for Seniors\" class=\"hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/AdobeStock_292662937-700x441.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-recent-posts size-recent-posts lazyload\" alt=\"Back view of nurse caregiver support walking with elderly woman outdoor\" srcset=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D%27http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%27%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271709%27%20viewBox%3D%270%200%202560%201709%27%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%272560%27%20height%3D%271709%27%20fill-opacity%3D%220%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" data-orig-src=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/AdobeStock_292662937-700x441.jpeg\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/AdobeStock_292662937-320x202.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/AdobeStock_292662937-700x441.jpeg 700w\" data-sizes=\"auto\" \/><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"recent-posts-content\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-09-23T16:25:52-05:00<\/span><h4 class=\"entry-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/medical-care-for-seniors-autism\/\">Challenges of Medical Care for Seniors<\/a><\/h4><p class=\"meta\"><span class=\"vcard\" style=\"display: none;\"><span class=\"fn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/author\/autismadmin\/\" title=\"Posts by autismAdmin\" rel=\"author\">autismAdmin<\/a><\/span><\/span><span class=\"updated\" style=\"display:none;\">2024-09-23T16:25:52-05:00<\/span><span>January 12th, 2022<\/span><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/anxiety-2\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Anxiety<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/webinar\/neurological\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Neurological<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/pans-pandas\/\" rel=\"category tag\">PANS\/PANDAS<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/category\/webinar\/parenting-webinar\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Parenting<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/webinars\/\" rel=\"category tag\">Webinar<\/a><span class=\"fusion-inline-sep\">|<\/span><\/p><p>    This is a joint presentation by ARI and The World Autism Organisation.  Margaret Bauman, MD, discusses the many medical challenges those aging with autism face. She highlights the lack of<\/p><\/div><\/article><\/section><\/div><div class=\"fusion-clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2836,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,30,19,24],"tags":[4705,9640,8619,9691],"class_list":["post-15550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-autism-spectrum-disorders","category-genetics","category-research","category-webinar","tag-casanova","tag-genes","tag-genetic-research","tag-susceptibility","webinar-author-emily-casanova"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v27.1.1) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Ancient Roots of Autism Susceptibility Genes - Autism Research Institute<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Researcher Emily Casanova, PhD, provides updates on her emerging research findings on genes and susceptibility to autism.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Ancient Roots of Autism Susceptibility Genes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Researcher Emily Casanova, PhD, provides updates on her emerging research findings on genes and susceptibility to autism.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Autism Research Institute\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/autismresearchinstitute\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-01-31T20:09:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-22T19:41:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/genes.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"334\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"autismAdmin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@ariConference\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@ariConference\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"autismAdmin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"10 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"autismAdmin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/#\/schema\/person\/26ad828eeaab2fed770658de3e543083\"},\"headline\":\"The Ancient Roots of Autism Susceptibility Genes\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-01-31T20:09:08+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-22T19:41:37+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\"},\"wordCount\":3599,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/genes.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Casanova\",\"genes\",\"genetic research\",\"susceptibility\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Autism Spectrum Disorders\",\"Genetics\",\"Research\",\"Webinar\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/autism.org\/the-ancient-roots-of-autism-susceptibility-genes\/\",\"name\":\"The Ancient Roots of Autism Susceptibility Genes - 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