ATEC: Interpretation and Validity

If you are asked to complete the ATEC in order to access a private social media page or website, please note that ARI is not affiliated with any organization nor individual who requires users to complete the ATEC.

Validity

We are aware of thirteen (13) studies evaluating the psychometric properties of the ATEC:

Abaoud, A.A., Almalkim, N.S., Bakheit, S.F., & Ateik Al-khadher, M.M. (2020). Psychometric properties of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist in Saudi Arabia. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7, 101604. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2020.101604

Borissov, A., Bakolis, I., Tekola, B., Kinfe, M., Ceccarelli, C., et al. (2021). Adaptation and validation of two autism-related measures of skills and quality of life in Ethiopia. Autism, Online ahead of print. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613211050751

Elvitigala, C.L.A., Walpita,N.B., Dahanayake, D., Wijetunge, G.S., (2024). Validation of the Sinhala version of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry 15 (1), 10-15. DOI: 10.4038/sljpsyc.v15i1.8513

Freiere, M.H., Andre, A.M., & Kummer, A.M. (2018). Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). Journal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, Letter to the Editor, 67(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000186

Geier, D. A., Kern, J. K., & Geier, M. R. (2013). A comparison of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) for the quantitative evaluation of autism. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 6(4), 255–267.

Jagadeesan, P., Kabbani, A., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2022). Parent-reported assessment scores reflect the ASD severity level in 2-to 7-year-old children. Children, 9(5), 701. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/children9050701

Liyew, W. A., Moges, A., Girma, F., Abebe, W., & Afework, M. (2025). Investigation of the underlying factor structures of social interaction impairments in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder at autism centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: principal component analysis of the autism treatment evaluation checklists. The Pan African Medical Journal, 51, 81. PDF HERE

Magiati, I., Moss, J., Yates, R., Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2011). Is the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist a useful tool for monitoring progress in children with autism spectrum disorders? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(3), 302–312. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01359.x

Mahapatra S, Vyshedsky D, Martinez S, Kannel B, Braverman J, Edelson SM, Vyshedskiy A. Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Norms: A “Growth Chart” for ATEC Score Changes as a Function of Age. Children. (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/children5020025

Memari, A.H., Shayestehfar, M., Mirfazeli, F-S., Rashidi, T., Ghanouni, P., & Hafizi, S. (2013). Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist in Persian. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, 23, 269-275. PMID: 23795248

Netson, R, Fucks, A.S., Santos, A.S.S.S., Poloni, L.E.P., Nacano, N.N., Fucks, E., Radi, K., Strong, W.E., Carnaval, A.A., Russo, M., Venkatesh, R., and Vyshedskiy, A. Pediatr. Rep. (2024). A Comparison of Parent Reports, the Mental Synthesis Evaluation Checklist (MSEC) and the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) 16(1), 174-189; https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric16010016

Rimland, B. & Edelson, S.M. (1999). Autism treatment evaluation checklist. APA PsycNet. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/t03995-000

Starling, C.D. (2017). A comparison of the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Autism Spectrum Rating Scale (ASRS) for the quantitative evaluation of autism.  Unpublished dissertation, University of the Rockies. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315864.2012.681340

Reliability

The following data are based on the first 1358 initial (baseline) ATEC forms submitted to the Autism Research Institute. “Initial” refers to the first ATEC form submitted for a given individual.

Since the primary function of the ATEC is to measure the efficacy of interventions, it is expected that a number of ATECs will be submitted for each individual periodically during the trial of the intervention, subsequent to the initial (baseline) ATEC.

Reliability

Pearson split-half (internal consistency) coefficient

N=1358

	Uncorrected r
Scale I Speech	.920
Scale II: Sociability	.836
Scale III: Sensory/Cognitive Awareness	.875
Scale IV: Health/Physical/Behavior	.815
Total ATEC Score	.942

Score Distributions

The purpose of the ATEC is to measure change in an individual due to various interventions – that is – the difference between the initial (baseline) ATEC scores and later ATEC scores. Nevertheless, we are often asked for normative data, which permit comparison of one individual with others. Here are the score distributions. (The lower the scores, the better.)

Score Distributions
The purpose of the ATEC is to measure change in an individual due to various interventions – that is – the difference between the initial (baseline) ATEC scores and later ATEC scores. Nevertheless, we are often asked for normative data, which permit comparison of one individual with others. Here are the score distributions. (The lower the scores, the better.)

	Scale I	Scale II	Scale III	Scale IV
	Speech	Sociability	Sensory/Cognitive	Health/Physical/Behavior
Centile Mild	Range: 0-28	Range: 0-40	Range: 0-36	Range: 0-75	Total Range: 0-180
0-9	0-2	0-4	0-5	0-8	0-30
10-19	3-5	5-7	6-8	9-12	31-41
20-29	6-7	8-10	9-11	13-15	42-50
30-39	8-10	11	12-13	16-18	51-57
40-49	11-12	12-13	14-15	19-21	58-64
50-59	13-15	14-15	16-17	22-24	65-71
60-69	16-19	16-18	18-19	25-28	72-79
70-79	20-21	19-21	20-21	29-32	80-89
80-89	22-24	22-25	22-25	33-39	90-103
90-99	25-28	26-40	26-36	40-75	104-179
Severe

A recent study employed the ATEC and MSEC scales to assess autistic children between 2 and 7 years old and found a consistent association between age and symptom severity (https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/5/701).

159 Published Studies Employing the Autism Research Institute’s Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC)

[Updated December 26, 2025]

Abadi, F., Moradi, A. R., Zarafshan, H., Mohamadi, M. R., & Sadeghi, M. (2024). A Comparison of Compensatory and Remediation Cognitive Interventions in Preschoolers With Autism: A Study Protocol for Randomized Controlled Trial. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 15(6), 819-832. doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.3612.2

Abraham, Debi Ann, Narasimhan, Udayakuma, Mahalingam, Vijayakumar Thangavel, Krishnan, Manikandan, Ganesanm Rajanandh Muhasaparur, Goh, Khang Wen, Tan, Ching Siang, Ming, Long Chiau,  Ardianto, Chrismawan. Estimation of plasma concentration of L-Carnosine and its correlation with core symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder children: A pilot clinical trial. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed) 2024, 29(10), 365. https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbl2910365  (registering DOI)

Acosta A, Khokhlovich E, Reis H, Vyshedskiy A. Dietary Factors Impact Developmental Trajectories in Young Autistic Children. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023 Aug 16. doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06074-8. Online ahead of print. PMID: 37584768

Adams JB, Audhya T, McDonough-Means S, Rubin RA, Quig D, Geis E, Gehn E, Loresto M, Mitchell J, Atwood S, Barnhouse S, Lee W. Nutritional and metabolic status of children with autism vs. neurotypical children, and the association with autism severity. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Jun 8;8(1):34. doi: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-34.PMID: 21651783

Adams, J.B., Baral, M., Geis, E., Mitchell, J., Ingram, J., Hensley, A., Zappia, I., Newmark, S., Gehn, E., Rubin, R.A., Mitchell, K., Bradstreet, J. et al. (2009). The severity of autism is associated with toxic metal body burden and red blood cell glutathione levels. Journal of Toxicology, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/532640 

Adams, J.B., Johansen, L.J., Powell, L.D., Quig, D., & Rubin, R.A. (2011). Gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal status in children with autism – comparisons to typical children and correlation with autism severity. BMC Gastroenterology, 22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-11-22

Adnan, M., Husain, K., Ashraf, S., Jakkam-Setty, M., & Jain, S. (2025). 3.33 Effectiveness of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children and Adolescents With ASD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 64(10), S231-S232.

Al-Ayadhi LY, Halepoto DM, Al-Dress AM, Mitwali Y, Zainah R. Behavioral Benefits of Camel Milk in Subjects with Autism Spectrum Disorder – PubMed (nih.gov) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015 Nov;25(11):819-23.PMID: 26577969

Al Backer, N.B. (2016). Correlation between Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) in the evaluation of autism spectrum disorder. Sudan Journal of Paediatrics, 16(1), 17-22. 

• • Note: this study did not find any relationship between the ATEC and the CARS. Unfortunately, the ATEC was scored incorrectly; but neither the editor nor the author published a correction of their analysis.

Aldera, H., Hilabi, A., Elzahrani, M. R., Alhamadh, M. S., Alqirnas, M. Q., Alkahtani, R., Masuadi, E., (2022). Do Parental Comorbidities Affect the Severity of Autism Spectrum Disorder? Cureus, 14(12). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32702

Note: This study uses the ATEC severity cut points to measure autistic traits. It does not measure treatment efficacy.

Al Shirian S, Al Dera H. Descriptive characteristics of children with autism at Autism Treatment Center, KSA. Physiol Behav. 2015 Nov 1;151:604-8. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.001. Epub 2015 Sep 5.PMID: 26343774

Amaral C, Mouga S, Simões M, Pereira HC, Bernardino I, Quental H, Playle R, McNamara R, Oliveira G, Castelo-Branco M. A Feasibility Clinical Trial to Improve Social Attention in Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Using a Brain Computer Interface. Front Neurosci. 2018 Jul 13;12:477. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00477. eCollection 2018.PMID: 30061811

Amatachaya, A., Auvichayapat, N., Patjanasoontorn, N., Suphakunpinyo, C., Ngernyam, N., Aree-uea, B., Keeratitanont, K., & Auvichayapat, P. (2014). Behavioural Neurology, doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/173073

Amatachaya A, Jensen MP, Patjanasoontorn N, Auvichayapat N, Suphakunpinyo C, Janjarasjitt S, Ngernyam N, Aree-uea B, Auvichayapat P. The short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on electroencephalography in children with autism: a randomized crossover controlled trial. Behav Neurol. 2015;2015:928631. doi: 10.1155/2015/928631. Epub 2015 Mar 12.PMID: 25861158

Anirudhan, R., Arathi, G., & Joseph, R. E. Comprehensive Ayurvedic Management of Autism Spectrum Disorder (Bāla Unmāda-Kapha–Vāta type): A Case Series.https://doi.org/10.63682/fhi2738

Ann Abraham D, Narasimhan U, Christy S, Muhasaparur Ganesan R. Effect of L-Carnosine as adjunctive therapy in the management of children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled study. Amino Acids. 2020 Dec;52(11-12):1521-1528. doi: 10.1007/s00726-020-02909-1. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PMID: 33170378

Antonucci, N., Cirillo, A., & Siniscalco, D. (2015). Beneficial effects of palmitoylethanolamide on expressive language, cognition, and behaviors in autism: a report of two cases. Case reports in psychiatry, 2015(1), 325061. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/325061

Arun, P., Divya, P., Hariharan, R., & Subramanian, S. Understanding Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in South Indian Children: A Multicentric Real World Data. IAPS Journal of Practice in Mental Health, 10-4103. doi: 10.4103/IJPMH.IJPMH_11_24

Auvichayapat N, Patjanasoontorn N, Phuttharak W, Suphakunpinyo C, Keeratitanont K, Tunkamnerdthai O, Aneksan B, Klomjai W, Boonphongsathian W, Sinkueakunkit A, Punjaruk W, Tiamkao S, Auvichayapat P. Brain Metabolite Changes After Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder Front Mol Neurosci. 2020 Jun 4;13:70. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00070. eCollection 2020.PMID: 32581703

Azari, H., Morovati, A., Gargari, B. P., & Sarbakhsh, P. (2022). An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-022-00348-0

Bradstreet, J.J., Sych, N., Antonucci, N., Klunnik, M., Ivankova, O., Matyashchuk, I., Demchuk, M., Siniscalco, D. Efficacy of fetal stem cell transplantation in autism spectrum disorders: an open-labeled pilot study. Cell Transplant. 2014;23 Suppl 1:S105-12. Epub 2014 Oct 9.PMID: 25302490

Braverman J, Dunn R, Vyshedskiy A. Development of the Mental Synthesis Evaluation Checklist (MSEC): A Parent-Report Tool for Mental Synthesis Ability Assessment in Children with Language Delay. Children (Basel). 2018 May 20;5(5):62. doi: 10.3390/children5050062.PMID: 29783788

Chang C, Qiu NN, Xiao T, Xiao X, Chu KK, Li Y, Wu QR, Fang H, Ke XY. Structural change of the corpus callosum fibers in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: two-year follow-up]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017 Dec 2;55(12):920-925. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2017.12.011.PMID: 29262472

Charman, T., Howlin, P., Berry, B., & Prince, E. (2004). Measuring developmental progress of children with autism spectrum disorder on school entry using parent report. Autism, 8(1), 89–100. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15070549/

• • Note: the authors commented on the usefulness of the ATEC.

Chen, H., Li, M., Yao, P., Nie, Z., Xu, L., Zhang, Y., … & Cao, X. (2025). Observed improvements in immune parameters and behavioral symptoms following low-dose IL-2 treatment in four autistic children with immune dysfunction. BMC psychiatry, 25(1), 991.

Coben R, Myers TE. The relative efficacy of connectivity guided and symptom based EEG biofeedback for autistic disorders. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2010 Mar;35(1):13-23. doi: 10.1007/s10484-009-9102-5. Epub 2009 Aug 1.PMID: 19649702

Coben, R., Padolsky, I. (2007). Assessment-guided neurofeedback for autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 11(1), 5-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v11n01_02

Correia, C.T., Almeida, J.P., Santos, P.E., Sequeira, A.F., Marques, C.E., Miguel, T.S., Abreau, R.L., Oliveira, G.G., & Vicente, A.M. (2010). Pharmacogenetics of risperidone therapy in autism: association analysis of eight candidate genes with drug efficacy and adverse drug reactions. The Pharacogenomics Journal, 10, 418-430. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2009.63.

D’Adamo CR, Nelson JL, Miller SN, Rickert Hong M, Lambert E, Tallman Ruhm H. Reversal of Autism Symptoms among Dizygotic Twins through a Personalized Lifestyle and Environmental Modification Approach: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. J Pers Med. 2024 Jun 15;14(6):641. doi: 10.3390/jpm14060641.PMID: 38929862

de Oliveira, C. A., Iorio, E. L., & Espíndola, F. S. (2025). Potential Benefits of a Noninvasive Neuromodulation Protocol in Autism Spectrum Disorder with Multiple Comorbidities: A Case Report. Pediatric Reports, 17(5), 92.https://doi.org/10.3390/pediatric17050092

Darwesh, M.A.K., Bakr, W., Omar, T.E.I. et al. Unraveling the relative abundance of psychobiotic bacteria in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Sci Rep 14, 24321 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-72962-3  

Dehghani, E., Karimi, K., Arekhi, S., Ardeshir, M., Rezapour, R., Shayestehfar, M., & Memari, A. H. (2025). Effect of nutritional supplements on gut microbiome in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. BMC nutrition, 11, 64. https://bmcnutr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40795-025-01043-z

Dewedar, A. (2025, June). Case Studies in ASD Remission: A Personalized Approach. In III International Autism Conference Research & Practice. https://doi.org/10.54878/aty2wm81

Ding, H., Yi, X., Zhang, X., Wang, H., Liu, H. & Mou, W-W. (2021) Imbalance in the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 01 November  2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.572752

Dong HY, Wang B, Li HH, Shan L, Jia FY. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder in children]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2017 Dec 2;55(12):916-919. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2017.12.010.PMID: 29262471

El-Rashidy O, El-Baz F, El-Gendy Y, Khalaf R, Reda D, Saad K. Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metab Brain Dis. 2017 Dec;32(6):1935-1941. doi: 10.1007/s11011-017-0088-z. Epub 2017 Aug 14. PMID: 28808808.

Esmat El Raghy, M. A., Bakr, W. M., Mahmoud Ahmed, S., & Omran, E. A. H. (2025). Exploring the interplay between gut microbiota and clinical parameters of autism spectrum disorder. Microbes and Infectious Diseases. DOI: 10.21608/mid.2025.375076.2691

Feng, J. Y., Bai, M. S., Dong, H. Y., Xue, Y., Liu, Y. M., Ma, H., … & Jia, F. Y. (2025). Effectiveness of individual versus group Early Start Denver Model interventions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Pediatric Research, 1-8.

Feng, X., Jiang, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, T., Wei, W., Yu, J., Li, W., & Li, J. (2022). Pediatric Tuina in children with autism spectrum disorder: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 23(1), 75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06030-4

Forman, P., Khokhlovich, E., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2022). Longitudinal Developmental Trajectories in Young Autistic Children Presenting with Seizures, Compared to those Presenting without Seizures, Gathered via Parent-report Using a Mobile Application. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-022-09851-y

Fu L, Weng J, Feng M, Xiao X, Xiao T, Fu J, Qiu N, Li C, Da Y, Ke X. Predictors of Change in Play-Based Communication and Behavior Intervention for High-Risk ASD: The Role of Mother-Child Dyadic Synchrony. Front Pediatr. 2020 Dec 2;8:581893. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.581893. eCollection 2020.PMID: 33344381

Fu, X., & Shi, P. (2025). The intervention effect of structured martial arts games on behavioral impairments and motor functions in children with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1660040. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1660040

Gao D, Yu T, Li CL, Jia FY, Li HH. Effect of parental training based on Early Start Denver Model combined with intensive training on children with autism spectrum disorder and its impact on parenting stress. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020 Feb;22(2):158-163. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2020.02.014.PMID: 32051084

Gaougaou, G., Zahra, R., Morel, S., Bélanger, V., Knoth, I. S., Cousineau, D., … & Marcil, V. (2025). Acceptability and safety of a probiotic beverage supplementation (Bio-K+) and feasibility of the proposed protocol in children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5897786/v1

Gabis, L.V., Ben-Hur R, Shefer S, et al. Improvement of language in children with autism with combined donepezil and choline treatment. J Mol Neurosci. 2019;69(2):224-23: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-019-01351-7 pdf

Garcia-Gonzalez, Sara, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Neuropsychopharmacology 48 (2021): 89-109. Transcranial direct current stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis – ScienceDirect

Geier DA, Kern JK, Davis G, King PG, Adams JB, Young JL, Geier MR. A prospective double-blind, randomized clinical trial of levocarnitine to treat autism spectrum disorders. Med Sci Monit. 2011 Jun;17(6):PI15-23. doi: 10.12659/msm.881792.PMID: 21629200

Geier, D.A., Kern, J.K., & Geier, M.R. (2012). A prospective cross-sectional cohort assessment of health, physical, and behavior problems in autism spectrum disorders.  Maedica, 7(3), 193-200. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3566881/

Ghosh, A., Mahajan, P.B., Tripathy, P.R., Mishra, B.R., Mahapatra, S.C., & Nanda, P. (2015). Exploring health situation of Indian children with autism spectrum disorder using Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) in an urban area of Odisha: A case study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9(12), VC05-VC08. https://doi.10.7860/JCDR/2015/16522.6982

Grechanyi SV, Suf El-Zhil LR, Ivanov DO, Pozdnyakova OF, Sergeev AM, Atamanova EE, Pozdnyakov AV. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in children with atypical autism comorbid with psychomotor disinhibition syndrome. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2021;121(11. Vyp. 2):12-18. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202112111212.PMID: 35038841

Guo, J., & Dongmei, L. (2021). Effects of image-sandplay therapy on the mental health and subjective well-being of children with autism. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 50, 2045-2054. https://doi.10.18502/ijph.v50i10.7505

Hadoush, H., Nazzal, M., Almasri, N.A., Khalil, H., & Alafeef, M. Therapeutic effects of bilateral anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on prefrontal and motor cortical areas in children with autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study. Autism Research, 13, 828-836. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2290

Hayton T, Gross A, Basson A, Olson K, Ang O, Milne N, Pool J. Psychometric measurement properties of patient-reported and observer-reported outcome measures for spinal mobilisations and manipulation on paediatric subjects with diverse medical conditions: A systematic review. J Man Manip Ther. 2024 Jun;32(3):234-254. doi: 10.1080/10669817.2023.2281650. Epub 2023 Dec 26.PMID: 38146749

Huang, M.X., Yu, Q., Li, Y.Y. A prospective randomized controlled study of neurofeedback combined with learning style profile intervention training in children with high-functioning autism. 2024 Oct 15;26(10):1066-1071. http://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2405054  PMID: 39467676 Clinical Trial. Chinese.

Jarusiewicz, B. (2002). Efficacy of neurofeedback for children in the autistic spectrum: a pilot study. Journal of Neurotherapy, 6(4), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1300/J184v06n04_05

Jacob, Udeme Samuel, Prompt Response, Cues-Pause-Point Therapies and Gender on Management of Echolalia among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Journal of Intellectual Disability, 2024, 12, 141-152, https://doi.org/10.6000/2292-2598.2024.12.03.4

Javadfar Z, Abdollahzad H, Moludi J, Rezaeian S, Amirian H, Foroughi AA, Nachvak SM, Goharmehr N, Mostafai R. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on core symptoms, serum serotonin, and interleukin-6 in children with autism spectrum disorders: A randomized clinical trial. Nutrition. 2020 Nov-Dec; 79-80:110986. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.110986. Epub 2020 Aug 28.PMID: 32966919

Jayashree, R., Gayathri, G., & Udayakumar, N. (2025). Evaluating the impact of essential amino acid-rich nutrition intervention on children with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized trial protocol. MethodsX, 14, 103300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2025.103300

Jiannan Kang, Juanmei Wu, Xinping Huang, Wenqin Mao, Xiaoli Li, Differential Effects of Left DLPFC Anodal and Cathodal tDCS Interventions on the Brain in Children with Autism: A Randomized Controlled Trial, IBRO Neuroscience Reports, 2025, ISSN 2667-2421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.01.005.

Jin BX, Li N, Zhao Y, Qian XG, Liu ZH, Yang Y, Lin ZT, Zeng ZY. Effect of acupoint catgut embedding therapy on joint attention and social communication in children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2020 Feb 12;40(2):162-6. doi: 10.13703/j.0255-2930.20190214-00054.PMID: 32100502

Li C, Bai Y, Jin C, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2020;27(3): https://doi.org/10.1097/MJT.0000000000000978 

Liu, Z., Zhong, S., Ho, R. C., Qian, X., Tang, Y., Tian, H., … & Pascual-Leone, A. (2025). Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation and Social Functioning in Children With Autism: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Network Open, 8(4), e255776-e255776. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.5776

Kasanave, E. V., Khachatryan, L. G., Kaminskaya, T. S., Geppe, N. A., Vadiyan, D. E., & Manukyan, M. S. (2016). Somatic Features and Diet Therapy of Children with Delays in Psychospeech Development of the Autism Spectrum. Neurology, 2015, 2014. https://doi10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-3-58-65

Kern JK, Garver CR, Mehta JA, Hannan PA, Bakken LE, Vidaud AM, Abraham J, Daoud Y. Prospective, blinded exploratory evaluation of the PlayWisely program in children with autism spectrum disorder Yale J Biol Med. 2013 Jun 13;86(2):157-67. Print 2013 Jun.PMID: 23766737

Kern, J.K., Geier, D.A., Adams, J.B., & Geier, M.R. (2010). A biomarker of mercury body-burden correlated with diagnostic domain specific clinical symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. BioMetals, 23, 1043-1051. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10534-010-9349-6

Khoshsorour, S., & Narimani, M. (2025). The Effectiveness of Neurofeedback in Social and Behavioral Skills of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clinical Psychology and Personality.DOI: 10.22070/cpap.2025.14145.1071

Klaveness, J., Bigam, J., & Reichelt, K. L. (2013). The varied rate of response to dietary intervention in autistic children. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 3(02), 56. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=29854

Kobinia, G. S., Bukaty, A., Holly, E., Kobinia, G., Heuberer, P. R., & Laky, B. (2025). Intrathecal injection of bone marrow concentrate in children with autism spectrum disorder: A retrospective chart analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 12, 1666486. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1666486

Kobinia GS, Zaknun JJ, Pabinger C, Laky B. Case Report: Autologous Bone Marrow Derived Intrathecal Stem Cell Transplant for Autistic Children – A Report of Four Cases and Literature Review. Front Pediatr. 2021 Oct 6;9:620188. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.620188. eCollection 2021.PMID: 34692600

Krause, Matthew, Kothadia, Radhika J., Saeed, Sy Atezaz, Pharmacologic management of autism spectrum disorder: A review of 7 studies, Current Psychiatry. 2021 January;20(01):33-38 | doi:10.12788/cp.0078, https://doi.org/10.12788/cp.0078 

Kostiukow A, Samborski W. The effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2020 Feb 26;48(283):15-18.PMID: 32218399

Kothadia, R. J., Joshi, K. G., & Frierson, R. L. (2022). Risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury: A review of the evidence. Current Psychiatry, 21(8). https://cdn.mdedge.com/files/s3fs-public/CP02108015.pdf

Kuhn M, Bransfield R. Divergent opinions of proper Lyme disease diagnosis and implications for children co-morbid with autism spectrum disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014 Sep;83(3):321-5. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.06.005. Epub 2014 Jun 16.PMID: 24986703

Kyrylova, L. G., & Miroshnykov, O. O. (2022). Клінічна оцінка ефективності нейропротекторної терапії в дітей з порушеннями мовленнєвого й когнітивного розвитку. INTERNATIONAL NEUROLOGICAL JOURNAL, 18(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.22141/2224-0713.18.4.2022.954

LaGasse, A.B. (2014). Effects of a music therapy group intervention on enhancing social skills in children with autism. Journal of Music Therapy, 51(3), 250-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thu012

Leung, J. Y.-L., Mackenzie, L., & Dickson, C. (2022). Outcomes of assistance dog placement in the home for individuals with autism spectrum disorder and their families: A pilot study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 69(1), 50–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12768

Levin, J., Khokhlovich, E., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2022). Longitudinal developmental trajectories in young autistic children presenting with sleep problems, compared to those presenting without sleep problems, gathered via parent-report using a mobile application. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 97, 102024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102024

Li N, Li L, Li G, Gai Z. The association of auditory integration training in children with autism spectrum disorders among Chinese: a meta-analysis. Biosci Rep. 2018 Dec 11;38(6):BSR20181412. doi: 10.1042/BSR20181412. Print 218 Dec 21.PMID: 30429234

Li, Y-Q., Sun, Y-H., Liang, Y-P., Zhou, F., Yang, J., & Jin, S-L. (2021). Effect of probiotics combined with applied behavior analysis in the treatment of children with autism spectrum disorder: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 12, 1103-1110. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34753541/

Lin, Y., Jin, H.-J., Zhao, N., Yang, Y., Mao, J., Li, Z., Shi, M.-Y., & Huang, R. (2023). [Clinical observation on syndrome-differentiation acupuncture combined with rehabilitation training for autism spectrum disorder]. Zhongguo zhen jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion, 43(1), 31–35. https://doi.org/10.13703/j.0255-2930.20220322-0006

Ling, M., Wang, Y., Li, N., Xiong, Y., Yang, S., & Xu, G. (2025). Research progress of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in autism spectrum disorder and treatment. Chinese Journal of Child Health Care, 33(7), 778. DOI: 10.11852/zgetbjzz2024-1431

Liu C, Lu B, Zhang Y, Xu CG, Peng FX, Ma LF, Liu LL, Nie WY. Clinical efficacy of structured institution-based teaching program combined with family rehabilitation training in treatment of childhood autism]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2015 Dec;17(12):1277-81.PMID: 26695664

Liyew, W. A., Moges, A., Girma, F., Abebe, W., & Afework, M. (2025). Sensory and cognitive awareness impairment patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder: a factorial analysis of the underlying constructs. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 19(1), 112.

Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Audhya T. Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):303-8.PMID: 12195231

Long, J., Niu, M., Liao, X., Han, K., Jiarou, C., Su, W., … & Zhang, H. Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of high-dose intermittent theta burst stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: study protocol for a pilot randomized sham-controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1549982. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1549982/abstract

Loukeris, S.L., & Soulis, S-G. (2021). Retention in kindergarten for students with autism spectrum disorders as an influencing factor in the cognitive and social domains. Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 56, 240-248. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2021-61841-008

Lun, T., Lin, S., Chen, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, D., Li, L., & Yu, J. (2023). Acupuncture for children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 102(8), e33079–e33079. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000033079

Mahapatra, S., Khokhlovich, E., Martinez, S., Kannel, B., Edelson, S.M., & Vyshedskiy, A. (2018). Longitudinal Epidemiological Study of Autism Subgroups Using Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) Score.  Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, published online 30 July 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3699-2

Makkonen I, Riikonen R, Kuikka JT, Kokki H, Bressler JP, Marshall C, Kaufmann WE. Brain derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin transporter binding as markers of clinical response to fluoxetine therapy in children with autism. J Pediatr Neurol. 2011 Mar;9(1):1-8. doi: 10.3233/JPN-2010-0446.PMID: 29056860

Meiri, G., Bichovsky, Y., & Belmaker, R.H. (2009). Omega 3 fatty acid treatment in autism. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.0123

Memari AH, Shayestehfar M, Mirfazeli FS, Rashidi T, Ghanouni P, Hafizi S. Cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity of the autism treatment evaluation checklist in Persian. Iran J Pediatr. 2013 Jun;23(3):269-75.PMID: 23795248

Memari, A.H., Ziaee, V., Mirfazeli, F.S., & Kordi, R. (2012). Investigation of autism comorbidities and associations in a school-based community sample. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 25(2), 84-90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2012.00325.x

Memishevikj, H., & Hodzhikj, S. (2010). The effects of equine-assisted therapy in improving the psychosocial functioning of children with autism. The Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation, 11(3/4), 57-67. Researchgate – PDF

Mohamed AS, Ahmad HM, Abdelrahman AA, Aly UF, Khaled KA. Therapeutic Impacts of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Risperidone on Children with Autism: A Clinical Trial. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2023 Jul-Aug;14(4):501-510. doi: 10.32598/bcn.2021.3122.1. Epub 2023 Jul 1. PMID: 38050572; PMCID: PMC10693815.

Najafabadi MG, Sheikh M, Hemayattalab R, Memari AH, Aderyani MR, Hafizi S. The effect of SPARK on social and motor skills of children with autism. Pediatr
Neonatol. 2018 Oct;59(5):481-487. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.12.005. Epub 2018 Jan 6. PMID: 29402579.

Nakhla, M.A.Y., Zaky, E.A., Nabeh, E.S., & El Aziz, A.W. (2021) Assessment of 25 hydroxy cholecalceferol level in autistic children; is there a role for it in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder? QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 114, Suppl. 1. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcab113.039

Netson, Rebecca, et al. A Comparison of Parent Reports, the Mental Synthesis Evaluation Checklist (MSEC) and the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Pediatric Reports 16.1 (2024): 174-189. Pediatric Reports Free Full-Text

Niu M, Li Q, Zhang J, Wen F, Dang W, Duan G, Li H, Ruan W, Yang P, Guan C, Tian H, Gao X, Zhang S, Yuan F, Han Y. Characterization of Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics Treatment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders in China. Front Neurol. 2019 Nov 5;10:1084. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01084. eCollection 2019.PMID: 31749754

Nowak, Katarzyna, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of MNRI therapy in children with autism based on the ATEC test–a preliminary report. Medical Rehabilitation 22 (2018): 20-34. Evaluation_of_the_effectiveness_of_.pdf

Nowak, K., et al. Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of MNRI reflex neuromodulation on children diagnosed with autism based on reflex assessments, QEEG analysis and ATEC questionnaire. J Neurol Neurobiol 6.2 (2020). Researchgate-PDF

Osório, Ana Alexandra Caldas, and Andre Russowsky Brunoni. Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 61.3 (2019): 298-304. Transcranial direct current stimulation in children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic scoping review – Osório – 2019 

Paveenakiattikhun S, Likhitweerawong N, Sanguansermsri C. EEG findings and clinical severity and quality of life in non-epileptic patients with autism spectrum disorders. Child Neuropsychol. 2024 May 28:1-11. doi: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2360651. Online ahead of print.PMID: 38805362

Pereira, D. A., Cheidde, L., Megiolaro, M. D. R., Camargo, A. E. F., Weba, E. T. P., Soares, V. G., … & Mimura, P. M. P. (2025). Efficacy and Safety of Cannabinoids for Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Updated Systematic Review. Cureus, 17(3). https://www.cureus.com/articles/347254-efficacy-and-safety-of-cannabinoids-for-autism-spectrum-disorder-an-updated-systematic-review#!/

Pineda, J.A., Brang, D., Hecht, E., Edwards, L., Carey, S., Bacon, M. Futagaki, C., Suk, D., Tom, J., Birnbaum, C., & Rork, A. (2008). Positive behavioral electrophysiological changes following neurofeedback training in children with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2(3), 557-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2007.12.003

Razjouyan K, Miri MA, Zarei MA, Farhangdoost H, Tavakoli S. Study of the effectiveness of comprehensive, timely, and family-oriented interventions in reducing the symptoms of autism in children. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020 Jun 30;9(6):2945-2949. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_947_19. eCollection 2020 Jun.PMID: 32984153

Ren, H., Ren, G., Zhan, Y., & Jia, Z. (2022). Examining the efficacy of dance movement and music mixed treatment on social communication impairment in children with autism—Based on family parent-child situation. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 937564. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.937564

Renaldi, R., Persico, A. M., Wiguna, T., & Tanra, J. (2025). Breaking the Cycle of Oxidative Stress for Better Behavioral Health in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 104575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104575

Ricchiuti, G., Taillieu, A., Tuerlinckx, E., Prinsen, J., Debbaut, E., Steyaert, J., … & Alaerts, K. (2025). Oxytocin’s social and stress-regulatory effects in children with autism and intellectual disability: a protocol for a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Bmc Psychiatry, 25(1), 192. https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-025-06617-6

Rinaldi, A., Benetti Mota, H. A., Rinaldi, S., & Fontani, V. (2025). Targeted Endogenous Bioelectric Modulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Real-World Clinical Outcomes of the REAC BWO Neurodevelopment–Autism Protocol. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(21), 7500. PDF HERE

Rinaldi, A., Martins, M. C. M., Maioli, M., Rinaldi, S., & Fontani, V. (2022). REAC Noninvasive Neurobiological Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder for Alleviating Stress Impact. Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41252-022-00293-3

Riordan NH, Hincapié ML, Morales I, Fernández G, Allen N, Leu C, Madrigal M, Paz Rodríguez J, Novarro N. Allogeneic Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: Safety Profile and Effect on Cytokine Levels. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019 Oct;8(10):1008-1016. doi: 10.1002/sctm.19-0010. Epub 2019 Jun 11.

Robinson-Agramonte MLA, Michalski B, Fernández LG, Vidal-Martinez B, Cuesta HV, Rizo CM, Fahnestock M. Effect of non-invasive brain stimulation on behavior and serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in autistic patients. Drug Dev Res. 2021 Aug;82(5):716-723. doi: 10.1002/ddr.21808. Epub 2021 Mar 18.PMID: 33734467

Rossignol DA, Rossignol LW, Smith S, Schneider C, Logerquist S, Usman A, Neubrander J, Madren EM, Hintz G, Grushkin B, Mumper EA. Hyperbaric treatment for children with autism: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial BMC Pediatr. 2009 Mar 13;9:21. doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-9-21.PMID: 19284641

Ruan, H., Eungpinichpong, W., Wu, H., & Aonsri, C. (2023). Physiological and Psychological Effects of Parent-Delivered Traditional Thai Massage in Children With Autism: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Research Protocols, 12(1), e41839. https://doi.org/10.2196/41839

Ruan, H., Eungpinichpong, W., Wu, H., & Aonsri, C. (2024). Impact of parent-delivered traditional Thai massage on children with autism spectrum disorder and parenting stress: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2024.2404754

Saad K, Abdel-Rahman AA, Elserogy YM, Al-Atram AA, El-Houfey AA, Othman HA, Bjørklund G, Jia F, Urbina MA, Abo-Elela MGM, Ahmad FA, Abd El-Baseer KA, Ahmed AE, Abdel-Salam AM. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation in children with autism spectrum disorder
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2018 Jan;59(1):20-29. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12652. Epub 2016 Nov 21. Retraction in: J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2019 Jun;60(6):711. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.13076.PMID: 27868194

Sajedifar, F., Ehteshmzadeh, P., Heidarie, A., & Safarzadeh, S. (2025). Effect of the Parent-Implemented Early Start Denver Model Interventions in Improving Communication Skills and Reducing Severity of Symptoms in Children with Autism: A Case Report of Four Patients. Journal of Gorgan University of Medical Sciences, 27(1), 74-83. https://goums.ac.ir/journal/browse.php?a_id=4251&sid=1&slc_lang=en&html=1

Salgueiro, E., Nunes, L., Barros, A., Maroco, J., Salgueiro, A.I., & do Santos, M.E (2012). Effects of a dolphin interaction program on children with autism spectrum disorders —   an exploratory research. BMC Research Notes, 5, 199. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-199.

Sampanthavivat, M., Singkhwa, W., Chaiyakul, T., Karoonyawanich, S., & Ajpru, H.  (2012). Hyperbaric oxygen in the treatment of childhood autism: A randomised controlled trial. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine, 42(3), 128-133. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22987458/

Sayorwan, W., Phianchana, N., Permpoonputtana, K., & Siripornpanich, V. (2018). A study of correlation between VEP and clinical severity in children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research and Treatment, 2018, 8 pages. doi: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5093016

Seng, G. J., Shang, C. Y., Tsai, W. C., Chiu, Y. N., Gau, S. S. F., & Chen, H. L. (2025). Exploring Preliminary Feasibility and Effectiveness of Intensive Parent-Involved NDBI-Based Group Intervention on Autistic Preschoolers in a Daycare Setting. 臺灣職能治療期刊, 43(2), 113-137.https://doi.org/10.6594/TJOT.202508_43(2).0003

Serafim, S. D. S., Sant′ Anna, L. M., & Rover, M. R. M. (2025). Dietary Supplements in the Management of Symptoms Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Scoping Review. Nutrition Reviews, nuaf085. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40581607/

Shaaban, S.Y., El Gendy, Y.G., Mehanna, N.S., El-Senousy, W.M., El-Feki, H.S.A., Saad, K., & El-Asheer, O.M. (2017). The role of probiotics in children with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective, open-label study. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(9), 676-681.  doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1347746

Shazman, S., Carmel, J., Itkin, M., Malitsky, S., Shalan, M., Soreq, E., … & Kuperman, Y. (2025). Urine Metabolomic Profiling and Machine Learning in Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis: Toward Precision Treatment. Metabolites, 15(5), 332. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15050332

She, H., Cai, W., Jiang, Y., Fang, T., Zhang, W., & Shen, R. (2025). Electronic picture books for children with autism spectrum disorder based on Creative Problem Solving model: construction and intervention. Chinese Journal of Rehabilitation Theory and Practice, 31(2), 141-149. http://wprim.whocc.org.cn/admin/article/articleDetail?WPRIMID=1068945&articleId=1107486

Shekhar, Nikhila; Tyagi, Sakshi; Thakur, Ajit K. Alternative Approaches for the Management of Autism: A Narrative Review, Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews Formerly: Current Psychiatry Reviews, Volume 20, Number 1, 2024, pp. 14-36(23), Bentham Science Publishers; https://doi.org/10.2174/2666082219666230106143424

Shirian, S.A., & Dera, H.A. (2015). Descriptive characteristics of children with autism at Autism Treatment Center, KSA. Physiology & Behavior, 151, 604-608. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.001.

Sinelnyk, A. A., Shmyh, S. G., Matiyashchuk, I. G., Klunnyk, M. O., & Demchuk, M. P. (2025). Clinical Case of Effective Fetal Stem Cells Treatment in a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Clinical Research and Reports, 21(1), 2690-1919 – PDF HERE

Smirnov VN, Neznanov NG, Morozova YV, Makarov IV, Emelina DA, Gasanov RF, Bazanovich SA. Allogeneic umbilical cord blood cell therapy for children with autism: safety and efficacy of the method. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2021;121(11. Vyp. 2):31-37. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202112111231.PMID: 35038844

Sobaniec, Piotr, et al. Impact of multidisciplinary therapy on the functioning of children with autism. Results of the ‘Supporting the development of children with autism” project using the ATEC form.” Neurologia Dziecięca 26.53 (2017): 31-37. Impact_of_multidisciplinary_therapy (1).pdf

Sotoodeh, M.S., Arabameri, E., Panahibakhish, M., Kheiroddin, F., Mirdoozandeh, H., & Ghanizadeh, A. (2017). Effectiveness of yoga training program on the severity of autism. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 28, 47-53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.001.

Sun C, Zou M, Zhao D, Xia W, Wu L. Efficacy of Folic Acid Supplementation in Autistic Children Participating in Structured Teaching: An Open-Label Trial. Nutrients. 2016 Jun 7;8(6):337. doi: 10.3390/nu8060337.PMID: 27338456

Taha, H., Issa, A., Muhanna, Z., Wadi, T., Awamleh, S., Ateiwi, Y. A., Abusido, M., & Berggren, V. (2025). Microbiota-based interventions for autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review of efficacy and clinical potential. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1648118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1648118

Tangviriyapaiboon, D., Sirithongthaworn, S., Thaineua, V., Kanshana, S., Sriminipun, A., Lersilp, S., … & Traisathit, P. (2025). Study protocol for a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of the Thai early intervention for autism: Assistive Technology for Caregivers (TEI4A-ATC) across nine hospitals in health region 1, northern Thailand. BMJ open, 15(7), e095359. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095359

Tangviriyapaiboon, D., Traisathit, P., Siripornpanich, V., Suyakong, C., Apikomonkon, H., Homkham, N., Thumronglaohapun, S., & Srikummoon, P. (2022). Detection of Electroencephalographic Abnormalities and Its Associated Factors among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Thailand. Healthcare, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101969

• • Note: This study uses the ATEC severity level cut points to measure autistic traits. It does not measure treatment efficacy.

Wang, H., Zhou, J., Dai, L., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Efficacy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Enhancing Speech Function in Children with Autism: A Controlled Trial, Frontiers in Medical Science Research, 2024, Vol. 6, Issue 11: 18-24, https://francis-press.com/papers/17617

Wang L, Yu YM, Zhang YQ, Zhang J, Lu N, Liu N. Hydrogen breath test to detect small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a prevalence case-control study in autism Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;27(2):233-240. doi: 10.1007/s00787-017-1039-2. Epub 2017 Aug 10.PMID: 28799094

Wang N, Wang G, Chen D. [Efficacy of acupuncture based on “gut-brain axis” combined with sensory integration training on autism spectrum disorder and its effect on gastrointestinal symptoms]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2025 Jan 12;45(1):36-40. Chinese. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39777876/ PMID: 39777876.

Wang, Na, Yuhua Wang, and Huimin Han. Efficiency of Relational Development Intervention Program for Children with Autism. 2018 International Workshop on Education Reform and Social Sciences (ERSS 2018). Atlantis Press, 2019. Efficiency of Relational Development Intervention Program for Children with Autism | Atlantis Press (atlantis-press.com)

Wang, Y., Li, Z., Ye, Y., Li, Y., Wei, R., Gan, K., … & Ke, X. (2025). HD-tDCS effects on social impairment in autism spectrum disorder with sensory processing abnormalities: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 9772.  https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-93631-z

Wang YX, Lu GB, Ge P, Ou P, Liu GH, Qian QF, Li GK, Huang Y, Xie YQ, Wang ZQ, Yu QJ. Clinical efficacy of interactive group sandplay versus individual sandplay in the treatment of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2019 Apr;21(4):342-347. doi: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.04.008.PMID: 31014426

Way H, Williams G, Hausman-Cohen S, Reeder J. Genomics as a Clinical Decision Support Tool: Successful Proof of Concept for Improved ASD Outcomes. J Pers Med. 2021 Jun 24;11(7):596. doi: 10.3390/jpm11070596.PMID: 34202628

Wei BY, Huang F, Qin XT, Liang QQ. Treatment of behavioral disorders by risperidone in children with autism Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2011 Mar;13(3):216-8. PMID: 21426640

Weiner RH, Greene RL. Intention-based therapy for autism spectrum disorder: promising results of a wait-list control study in children. Explore (NY). 2014 Jan-Feb;10(1):13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2013.10.005. Epub 2013 Oct 17.PMID: 24439092

Whitehouse, A. J., Granich, J., Alvares, G., Busacca, M., Cooper, M. N., Dass, A., … others. (2017). A randomised controlled trial of an iPad-based application to complement early behavioural intervention in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://doi.10.1111/jcpp.12752/full

Vyshedskiy, A., & Khokhlovich, E. (2023). Joint Engagement is Associated with Greater Development of Language and Sensory Awareness in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-022-09887-0

Xia, R.R. (2011). Effectiveness of nutritional supplements for reducing symptoms in autism spectrum disorder: A case report. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(3).  doi: https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0146.

Xie Q, Tang J, Xu Y, Zeng HL. Clinical observation of aripiprazole in the treatment of autism Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 2013 Apr;15(4):294-7.PMID: 23607954

Xie, G. H. (2023), From symptoms through the changing concept to treatment planning for autism spectrum disorder. Early Years Research, 3(1), 6-15.

Yang Y, Wang H, Xue Q, Huang Z, Wang Y. High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Applied to the Parietal Cortex for Low-Functioning Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Series. Front Psychiatry. 2019 May 9;10:293. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00293. eCollection 2019.PMID: 31143132

Yang, Y., Wang Y., Li, W., Su, L. (2025). Effect of music therapy on children with autism spectrum disorders in the Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1611182

Ye Q, Hu GY, Cai YB, Zhang GW, Xu K, Qu T, Gao R. Structural exercise-based intervention for health problems in individuals with autism spectrum disorders: a pilot study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019 May;23(10):4313-4320. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201905_17937.PMID: 31173304

Zhang J, Guo X, Zhang W, Liu D, Chen P, Zhang Y, Ru X. Maternal Variability of Amplitudes of Frequency Fluctuations Is Related to the Progressive Self-Other Transposition Group Intervention in Autistic Children. Brain Sci. 2023 May 8;13(5):774. doi: 10.3390/brainsci13050774.PMID: 37239246

Zhang, Y., Yu, M., & Chen, A. (2025). 31 Analysis of The Intervention Effect of Digital Art Team on Language Communication Disorders in Autistic Patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 51;s17

Zhou, Z., Zhao, X., Yang, Q., Zhou, T., Feng, Y., Chen, Y., … & Deng, C. (2025). A randomized controlled trial of the efficacy of music therapy on the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 158, 104942. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0891422225000265